diff --git a/scripts/workflow.py b/scripts/workflow.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6db3c13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/workflow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+import json
+import logging
+import traceback
+import uuid
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
+
+import networkx as nx
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import requests
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SimpleGraph:
+    """简单的有向图实现，用于构建工作流图"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.nodes = {}
+        self.edges = []
+
+    def add_node(self, node_id, **attrs):
+        """添加节点"""
+        self.nodes[node_id] = attrs
+
+    def add_edge(self, source, target, **attrs):
+        """添加边"""
+        edge = {"source": source, "target": target, **attrs}
+        self.edges.append(edge)
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        """转换为工作流图格式"""
+        nodes_list = []
+        for node_id, attrs in self.nodes.items():
+            node_attrs = attrs.copy()
+            params = node_attrs.pop("parameters", {}) or {}
+            node_attrs.update(params)
+            nodes_list.append({"id": node_id, **node_attrs})
+
+        return {
+            "directed": True,
+            "multigraph": False,
+            "graph": {},
+            "nodes": nodes_list,
+            "links": self.edges,
+        }
+
+
+def extract_json_from_markdown(text: str) -> str:
+    """从markdown代码块中提取JSON"""
+    text = text.strip()
+    if text.startswith("```json\n"):
+        text = text[8:]
+    if text.startswith("```\n"):
+        text = text[4:]
+    if text.endswith("\n```"):
+        text = text[:-4]
+    return text
+
+
+def convert_to_type(val: str) -> Any:
+    """将字符串值转换为适当的数据类型"""
+    if val == "True":
+        return True
+    if val == "False":
+        return False
+    if val == "?":
+        return None
+    if val.endswith(" g"):
+        return float(val.split(" ")[0])
+    if val.endswith("mg"):
+        return float(val.split("mg")[0])
+    elif val.endswith("mmol"):
+        return float(val.split("mmol")[0]) / 1000
+    elif val.endswith("mol"):
+        return float(val.split("mol")[0])
+    elif val.endswith("ml"):
+        return float(val.split("ml")[0])
+    elif val.endswith("RPM"):
+        return float(val.split("RPM")[0])
+    elif val.endswith(" °C"):
+        return float(val.split(" ")[0])
+    elif val.endswith(" %"):
+        return float(val.split(" ")[0])
+    return val
+
+
+def refactor_data(data: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """统一的数据重构函数，根据操作类型自动选择模板"""
+    refactored_data = []
+
+    # 定义操作映射，包含生物实验和有机化学的所有操作
+    OPERATION_MAPPING = {
+        # 生物实验操作
+        "transfer_liquid": "SynBioFactory-liquid_handler.transfer_liquid",
+        "transfer": "SynBioFactory-liquid_handler.biomek-transfer",
+        "incubation": "SynBioFactory-liquid_handler.biomek-incubation",
+        "move_labware": "SynBioFactory-liquid_handler.biomek-move_labware",
+        "oscillation": "SynBioFactory-liquid_handler.biomek-oscillation",
+        # 有机化学操作
+        "HeatChillToTemp": "SynBioFactory-workstation-HeatChillProtocol",
+        "StopHeatChill": "SynBioFactory-workstation-HeatChillStopProtocol",
+        "StartHeatChill": "SynBioFactory-workstation-HeatChillStartProtocol",
+        "HeatChill": "SynBioFactory-workstation-HeatChillProtocol",
+        "Dissolve": "SynBioFactory-workstation-DissolveProtocol",
+        "Transfer": "SynBioFactory-workstation-TransferProtocol",
+        "Evaporate": "SynBioFactory-workstation-EvaporateProtocol",
+        "Recrystallize": "SynBioFactory-workstation-RecrystallizeProtocol",
+        "Filter": "SynBioFactory-workstation-FilterProtocol",
+        "Dry": "SynBioFactory-workstation-DryProtocol",
+        "Add": "SynBioFactory-workstation-AddProtocol",
+    }
+
+    UNSUPPORTED_OPERATIONS = ["Purge", "Wait", "Stir", "ResetHandling"]
+
+    for step in data:
+        operation = step.get("action")
+        if not operation or operation in UNSUPPORTED_OPERATIONS:
+            continue
+
+        # 处理重复操作
+        if operation == "Repeat":
+            times = step.get("times", step.get("parameters", {}).get("times", 1))
+            sub_steps = step.get("steps", step.get("parameters", {}).get("steps", []))
+            for i in range(int(times)):
+                sub_data = refactor_data(sub_steps)
+                refactored_data.extend(sub_data)
+            continue
+
+        # 获取模板名称
+        template = OPERATION_MAPPING.get(operation)
+        if not template:
+            # 自动推断模板类型
+            if operation.lower() in ["transfer", "incubation", "move_labware", "oscillation"]:
+                template = f"SynBioFactory-liquid_handler.biomek-{operation}"
+            else:
+                template = f"SynBioFactory-workstation-{operation}Protocol"
+
+        # 创建步骤数据
+        step_data = {
+            "template": template,
+            "description": step.get("description", step.get("purpose", f"{operation} operation")),
+            "lab_node_type": "Device",
+            "parameters": step.get("parameters", step.get("action_args", {})),
+        }
+        refactored_data.append(step_data)
+
+    return refactored_data
+
+
+def build_protocol_graph(
+    labware_info: List[Dict[str, Any]], protocol_steps: List[Dict[str, Any]], workstation_name: str
+) -> SimpleGraph:
+    """统一的协议图构建函数，根据设备类型自动选择构建逻辑"""
+    G = SimpleGraph()
+    resource_last_writer = {}
+    LAB_NAME = "SynBioFactory"
+
+    protocol_steps = refactor_data(protocol_steps)
+
+    # 检查协议步骤中的模板来判断协议类型
+    has_biomek_template = any("biomek" in step.get("template", "") for step in protocol_steps)
+
+    if has_biomek_template:
+        # 生物实验协议图构建
+        for labware_id, labware in labware_info.items():
+            node_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+            labware_attrs = labware.copy()
+            labware_id = labware_attrs.pop("id", labware_attrs.get("name", f"labware_{uuid.uuid4()}"))
+            labware_attrs["description"] = labware_id
+            labware_attrs["lab_node_type"] = (
+                "Reagent" if "Plate" in str(labware_id) else "Labware" if "Rack" in str(labware_id) else "Sample"
+            )
+            labware_attrs["device_id"] = workstation_name
+
+            G.add_node(node_id, template=f"{LAB_NAME}-host_node-create_resource", **labware_attrs)
+            resource_last_writer[labware_id] = f"{node_id}:labware"
+
+        # 处理协议步骤
+        for i, step in enumerate(protocol_steps):
+            node_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+            G.add_node(node_id, **step)
+
+            # 添加控制流边
+            G.add_edge(prev_node, node_id, source_port="ready", target_port="ready")
+            prev_node = node_id
+
+            # 处理物料流
+            params = step.get("parameters", {})
+            if "sources" in params and params["sources"] in resource_last_writer:
+                source_node, source_port = resource_last_writer[params["sources"]].split(":")
+                G.add_edge(source_node, node_id, source_port=source_port, target_port="labware")
+
+            if "targets" in params:
+                resource_last_writer[params["targets"]] = f"{node_id}:labware"
+
+        # 添加协议结束节点
+        end_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        G.add_node(end_id, template=f"{LAB_NAME}-liquid_handler.biomek-run_protocol")
+        G.add_edge(prev_node, end_id, source_port="ready", target_port="ready")
+
+    else:
+        # 有机化学协议图构建
+        WORKSTATION_ID = workstation_name
+
+        # 为所有labware创建资源节点
+        for item_id, item in labware_info.items():
+            # item_id = item.get("id") or item.get("name", f"item_{uuid.uuid4()}")
+            node_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+            # 判断节点类型
+            if item.get("type") == "hardware" or "reactor" in str(item_id).lower():
+                if "reactor" not in str(item_id).lower():
+                    continue
+                lab_node_type = "Sample"
+                description = f"Prepare Reactor: {item_id}"
+                liquid_type = []
+                liquid_volume = []
+            else:
+                lab_node_type = "Reagent"
+                description = f"Add Reagent to Flask: {item_id}"
+                liquid_type = [item_id]
+                liquid_volume = [1e5]
+
+            G.add_node(
+                node_id,
+                template=f"{LAB_NAME}-host_node-create_resource",
+                description=description,
+                lab_node_type=lab_node_type,
+                res_id=item_id,
+                device_id=WORKSTATION_ID,
+                class_name="container",
+                parent=WORKSTATION_ID,
+                bind_locations={"x": 0.0, "y": 0.0, "z": 0.0},
+                liquid_input_slot=[-1],
+                liquid_type=liquid_type,
+                liquid_volume=liquid_volume,
+                slot_on_deck="",
+                role=item.get("role", ""),
+            )
+            resource_last_writer[item_id] = f"{node_id}:labware"
+
+        last_control_node_id = None
+
+        # 处理协议步骤
+        for step in protocol_steps:
+            node_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+            G.add_node(node_id, **step)
+
+            # 控制流
+            if last_control_node_id is not None:
+                G.add_edge(last_control_node_id, node_id, source_port="ready", target_port="ready")
+            last_control_node_id = node_id
+
+            # 物料流
+            params = step.get("parameters", {})
+            input_resources = {
+                "Vessel": params.get("vessel"),
+                "ToVessel": params.get("to_vessel"),
+                "FromVessel": params.get("from_vessel"),
+                "reagent": params.get("reagent"),
+                "solvent": params.get("solvent"),
+                "compound": params.get("compound"),
+                "sources": params.get("sources"),
+                "targets": params.get("targets"),
+            }
+
+            for target_port, resource_name in input_resources.items():
+                if resource_name and resource_name in resource_last_writer:
+                    source_node, source_port = resource_last_writer[resource_name].split(":")
+                    G.add_edge(source_node, node_id, source_port=source_port, target_port=target_port)
+
+            output_resources = {
+                "VesselOut": params.get("vessel"),
+                "FromVesselOut": params.get("from_vessel"),
+                "ToVesselOut": params.get("to_vessel"),
+                "FiltrateOut": params.get("filtrate_vessel"),
+                "reagent": params.get("reagent"),
+                "solvent": params.get("solvent"),
+                "compound": params.get("compound"),
+                "sources_out": params.get("sources"),
+                "targets_out": params.get("targets"),
+            }
+
+            for source_port, resource_name in output_resources.items():
+                if resource_name:
+                    resource_last_writer[resource_name] = f"{node_id}:{source_port}"
+
+    return G
+
+
+def draw_protocol_graph(protocol_graph: SimpleGraph, output_path: str):
+    """
+    (辅助功能) 使用 networkx 和 matplotlib 绘制协议工作流图，用于可视化。
+    """
+    if not protocol_graph:
+        print("Cannot draw graph: Graph object is empty.")
+        return
+
+    G = nx.DiGraph()
+
+    for node_id, attrs in protocol_graph.nodes.items():
+        label = attrs.get("description", attrs.get("template", node_id[:8]))
+        G.add_node(node_id, label=label, **attrs)
+
+    for edge in protocol_graph.edges:
+        G.add_edge(edge["source"], edge["target"])
+
+    plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15))
+    try:
+        pos = nx.nx_agraph.graphviz_layout(G, prog="dot")
+    except Exception:
+        pos = nx.shell_layout(G)  # Fallback layout
+
+    node_labels = {node: data["label"] for node, data in G.nodes(data=True)}
+    nx.draw(
+        G,
+        pos,
+        with_labels=False,
+        node_size=2500,
+        node_color="skyblue",
+        node_shape="o",
+        edge_color="gray",
+        width=1.5,
+        arrowsize=15,
+    )
+    nx.draw_networkx_labels(G, pos, labels=node_labels, font_size=8, font_weight="bold")
+
+    plt.title("Chemical Protocol Workflow Graph", size=15)
+    plt.savefig(output_path, dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
+    plt.close()
+    print(f"  - Visualization saved to '{output_path}'")
+
+
+from networkx.drawing.nx_agraph import to_agraph
+import re
+
+COMPASS = {"n","e","s","w","ne","nw","se","sw","c"}
+
+def _is_compass(port: str) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(port, str) and port.lower() in COMPASS
+
+def draw_protocol_graph_with_ports(protocol_graph, output_path: str, rankdir: str = "LR"):
+    """
+    使用 Graphviz 端口语法绘制协议工作流图。
+    - 若边上的 source_port/target_port 是 compass（n/e/s/w/...），直接用 compass。
+    - 否则自动为节点创建 record 形状并定义命名端口 <portname>。
+    最终由 PyGraphviz 渲染并输出到 output_path（后缀决定格式，如 .png/.svg/.pdf）。
+    """
+    if not protocol_graph:
+        print("Cannot draw graph: Graph object is empty.")
+        return
+
+    # 1) 先用 networkx 搭建有向图，保留端口属性
+    G = nx.DiGraph()
+    for node_id, attrs in protocol_graph.nodes.items():
+        label = attrs.get("description", attrs.get("template", node_id[:8]))
+        # 保留一个干净的“中心标签”，用于放在 record 的中间槽
+        G.add_node(node_id, _core_label=str(label), **{k:v for k,v in attrs.items() if k not in ("label",)})
+
+    edges_data = []
+    in_ports_by_node  = {}  # 收集命名输入端口
+    out_ports_by_node = {}  # 收集命名输出端口
+
+    for edge in protocol_graph.edges:
+        u = edge["source"]
+        v = edge["target"]
+        sp = edge.get("source_port")
+        tp = edge.get("target_port")
+
+        # 记录到图里（保留原始端口信息）
+        G.add_edge(u, v, source_port=sp, target_port=tp)
+        edges_data.append((u, v, sp, tp))
+
+        # 如果不是 compass，就按“命名端口”先归类，等会儿给节点造 record
+        if sp and not _is_compass(sp):
+            out_ports_by_node.setdefault(u, set()).add(str(sp))
+        if tp and not _is_compass(tp):
+            in_ports_by_node.setdefault(v, set()).add(str(tp))
+
+    # 2) 转为 AGraph，使用 Graphviz 渲染
+    A = to_agraph(G)
+    A.graph_attr.update(rankdir=rankdir, splines="true", concentrate="false", fontsize="10")
+    A.node_attr.update(shape="box", style="rounded,filled", fillcolor="lightyellow", color="#999999", fontname="Helvetica")
+    A.edge_attr.update(arrowsize="0.8", color="#666666")
+
+    # 3) 为需要命名端口的节点设置 record 形状与 label
+    #    左列 = 输入端口；中间 = 核心标签；右列 = 输出端口
+    for n in A.nodes():
+        node = A.get_node(n)
+        core = G.nodes[n].get("_core_label", n)
+
+        in_ports  = sorted(in_ports_by_node.get(n, []))
+        out_ports = sorted(out_ports_by_node.get(n, []))
+
+        # 如果该节点涉及命名端口，则用 record；否则保留原 box
+        if in_ports or out_ports:
+            def port_fields(ports):
+                if not ports:
+                    return " "  # 必须留一个空槽占位
+                # 每个端口一个小格子，<p> name
+                return "|".join(f"<{re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z0-9_:.|-]', '_', p)}> {p}" for p in ports)
+
+            left  = port_fields(in_ports)
+            right = port_fields(out_ports)
+
+            # 三栏：左(入) | 中(节点名) | 右(出)
+            record_label = f"{{ {left} | {core} | {right} }}"
+            node.attr.update(shape="record", label=record_label)
+        else:
+            # 没有命名端口：普通盒子，显示核心标签
+            node.attr.update(label=str(core))
+
+    # 4) 给边设置 headport / tailport
+    #    - 若端口为 compass：直接用 compass（e.g., headport="e"）
+    #    - 若端口为命名端口：使用在 record 中定义的 <port> 名（同名即可）
+    for (u, v, sp, tp) in edges_data:
+        e = A.get_edge(u, v)
+
+        # Graphviz 属性：tail 是源，head 是目标
+        if sp:
+            if _is_compass(sp):
+                e.attr["tailport"] = sp.lower()
+            else:
+                # 与 record label 中 <port> 名一致；特殊字符已在 label 中做了清洗
+                e.attr["tailport"] = re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z0-9_:.|-]', '_', str(sp))
+
+        if tp:
+            if _is_compass(tp):
+                e.attr["headport"] = tp.lower()
+            else:
+                e.attr["headport"] = re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z0-9_:.|-]', '_', str(tp))
+
+        # 可选：若想让边更贴边缘，可设置 constraint/spline 等
+        # e.attr["arrowhead"] = "vee"
+
+    # 5) 输出
+    A.draw(output_path, prog="dot")
+    print(f"  - Port-aware workflow rendered to '{output_path}'")
+
+
+def flatten_xdl_procedure(procedure_elem: ET.Element) -> List[ET.Element]:
+    """展平嵌套的XDL程序结构"""
+    flattened_operations = []
+    TEMP_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL = ["Purge", "Wait", "Stir", "ResetHandling"]
+
+    def extract_operations(element: ET.Element):
+        if element.tag not in ["Prep", "Reaction", "Workup", "Purification", "Procedure"]:
+            if element.tag not in TEMP_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL:
+                flattened_operations.append(element)
+
+        for child in element:
+            extract_operations(child)
+
+    for child in procedure_elem:
+        extract_operations(child)
+
+    return flattened_operations
+
+
+def parse_xdl_content(xdl_content: str) -> tuple:
+    """解析XDL内容"""
+    try:
+        xdl_content_cleaned = "".join(c for c in xdl_content if c.isprintable())
+        root = ET.fromstring(xdl_content_cleaned)
+
+        synthesis_elem = root.find("Synthesis")
+        if synthesis_elem is None:
+            return None, None, None
+
+        # 解析硬件组件
+        hardware_elem = synthesis_elem.find("Hardware")
+        hardware = []
+        if hardware_elem is not None:
+            hardware = [{"id": c.get("id"), "type": c.get("type")} for c in hardware_elem.findall("Component")]
+
+        # 解析试剂
+        reagents_elem = synthesis_elem.find("Reagents")
+        reagents = []
+        if reagents_elem is not None:
+            reagents = [{"name": r.get("name"), "role": r.get("role", "")} for r in reagents_elem.findall("Reagent")]
+
+        # 解析程序
+        procedure_elem = synthesis_elem.find("Procedure")
+        if procedure_elem is None:
+            return None, None, None
+
+        flattened_operations = flatten_xdl_procedure(procedure_elem)
+        return hardware, reagents, flattened_operations
+
+    except ET.ParseError as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid XDL format: {e}")
+
+
+def convert_xdl_to_dict(xdl_content: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    将XDL XML格式转换为标准的字典格式
+
+    Args:
+        xdl_content: XDL XML内容
+
+    Returns:
+        转换结果，包含步骤和器材信息
+    """
+    try:
+        hardware, reagents, flattened_operations = parse_xdl_content(xdl_content)
+        if hardware is None:
+            return {"error": "Failed to parse XDL content", "success": False}
+
+        # 将XDL元素转换为字典格式
+        steps_data = []
+        for elem in flattened_operations:
+            # 转换参数类型
+            parameters = {}
+            for key, val in elem.attrib.items():
+                converted_val = convert_to_type(val)
+                if converted_val is not None:
+                    parameters[key] = converted_val
+
+            step_dict = {
+                "operation": elem.tag,
+                "parameters": parameters,
+                "description": elem.get("purpose", f"Operation: {elem.tag}"),
+            }
+            steps_data.append(step_dict)
+
+        # 合并硬件和试剂为统一的labware_info格式
+        labware_data = []
+        labware_data.extend({"id": hw["id"], "type": "hardware", **hw} for hw in hardware)
+        labware_data.extend({"name": reagent["name"], "type": "reagent", **reagent} for reagent in reagents)
+
+        return {
+            "success": True,
+            "steps": steps_data,
+            "labware": labware_data,
+            "message": f"Successfully converted XDL to dict format. Found {len(steps_data)} steps and {len(labware_data)} labware items.",
+        }
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        error_msg = f"XDL conversion failed: {str(e)}"
+        logger.error(error_msg)
+        return {"error": error_msg, "success": False}
+
+
+def create_workflow(
+    steps_info: str,
+    labware_info: str,
+    workflow_name: str = "Generated Workflow",
+    workstation_name: str = "workstation",
+    workflow_description: str = "Auto-generated workflow from protocol",
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    创建工作流，输入数据已经是统一的字典格式
+
+    Args:
+        steps_info: 步骤信息 (JSON字符串，已经是list of dict格式)
+        labware_info: 实验器材和试剂信息 (JSON字符串，已经是list of dict格式)
+        workflow_name: 工作流名称
+        workflow_description: 工作流描述
+
+    Returns:
+        创建结果，包含工作流UUID和详细信息
+    """
+    try:
+        # 直接解析JSON数据
+        steps_info_clean = extract_json_from_markdown(steps_info)
+        labware_info_clean = extract_json_from_markdown(labware_info)
+
+        steps_data = json.loads(steps_info_clean)
+        labware_data = json.loads(labware_info_clean)
+
+        # 统一处理所有数据
+        protocol_graph = build_protocol_graph(labware_data, steps_data, workstation_name=workstation_name)
+
+        # 检测协议类型（用于标签）
+        protocol_type = "bio" if any("biomek" in step.get("template", "") for step in refactored_steps) else "organic"
+
+        # 转换为工作流格式
+        data = protocol_graph.to_dict()
+
+        # 转换节点格式
+        for i, node in enumerate(data["nodes"]):
+            description = node.get("description", "")
+            onode = {
+                "template": node.pop("template"),
+                "id": node["id"],
+                "lab_node_type": node.get("lab_node_type", "Device"),
+                "name": description or f"Node {i + 1}",
+                "params": {"default": node},
+                "handles": {},
+            }
+
+            # 处理边连接
+            for edge in data["links"]:
+                if edge["source"] == node["id"]:
+                    source_port = edge.get("source_port", "output")
+                    if source_port not in onode["handles"]:
+                        onode["handles"][source_port] = {"type": "source"}
+
+                if edge["target"] == node["id"]:
+                    target_port = edge.get("target_port", "input")
+                    if target_port not in onode["handles"]:
+                        onode["handles"][target_port] = {"type": "target"}
+
+            data["nodes"][i] = onode
+
+        # 发送到API创建工作流
+        api_secret = configs.Lab.Key
+        if not api_secret:
+            return {"error": "API SecretKey is not configured", "success": False}
+
+        # Step 1: 创建工作流
+        workflow_url = f"{configs.Lab.Api}/api/v1/workflow/"
+        headers = {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+        }
+        params = {"secret_key": api_secret}
+
+        graph_data = {"name": workflow_name, **data}
+
+        logger.info(f"Creating workflow: {workflow_name}")
+        response = requests.post(
+            workflow_url, params=params, json=graph_data, headers=headers, timeout=configs.Lab.Timeout
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        workflow_info = response.json()
+
+        if workflow_info.get("code") != 0:
+            error_msg = f"API returned an error: {workflow_info.get('msg', 'Unknown Error')}"
+            logger.error(error_msg)
+            return {"error": error_msg, "success": False}
+
+        workflow_uuid = workflow_info.get("data", {}).get("uuid")
+        if not workflow_uuid:
+            return {"error": "Failed to get workflow UUID from response", "success": False}
+
+        # Step 2: 添加到模板库（可选）
+        try:
+            library_url = f"{configs.Lab.Api}/api/flociety/vs/workflows/library/"
+            lib_payload = {
+                "workflow_uuid": workflow_uuid,
+                "title": workflow_name,
+                "description": workflow_description,
+                "labels": [protocol_type.title(), "Auto-generated"],
+            }
+
+            library_response = requests.post(
+                library_url, params=params, json=lib_payload, headers=headers, timeout=configs.Lab.Timeout
+            )
+            library_response.raise_for_status()
+
+            library_info = library_response.json()
+            logger.info(f"Workflow added to library: {library_info}")
+
+            return {
+                "success": True,
+                "workflow_uuid": workflow_uuid,
+                "workflow_info": workflow_info.get("data"),
+                "library_info": library_info.get("data"),
+                "protocol_type": protocol_type,
+                "message": f"Workflow '{workflow_name}' created successfully",
+            }
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # 即使添加到库失败，工作流创建仍然成功
+            logger.warning(f"Failed to add workflow to library: {str(e)}")
+            return {
+                "success": True,
+                "workflow_uuid": workflow_uuid,
+                "workflow_info": workflow_info.get("data"),
+                "protocol_type": protocol_type,
+                "message": f"Workflow '{workflow_name}' created successfully (library addition failed)",
+            }
+
+    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+        error_msg = f"Network error when calling API: {str(e)}"
+        logger.error(error_msg)
+        return {"error": error_msg, "success": False}
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        error_msg = f"JSON parsing error: {str(e)}"
+        logger.error(error_msg)
+        return {"error": error_msg, "success": False}
+    except Exception as e:
+        error_msg = f"An unexpected error occurred: {str(e)}"
+        logger.error(error_msg)
+        logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
+        return {"error": error_msg, "success": False}
diff --git a/test/workflow/example_bio.json b/test/workflow/example_bio.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0f0d7a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/workflow/example_bio.json
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{
+  "workflow": [
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_1",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 66.0,
+        "dis_vol": 66.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_2",
+        "targets": "Liquid_3",
+        "asp_vol": 58.0,
+        "dis_vol": 96.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_4",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 85.0,
+        "dis_vol": 170.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_4",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 63.333333333333336,
+        "dis_vol": 170.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_2",
+        "targets": "Liquid_3",
+        "asp_vol": 72.0,
+        "dis_vol": 150.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_4",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 85.0,
+        "dis_vol": 170.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_4",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 63.333333333333336,
+        "dis_vol": 170.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_2",
+        "targets": "Liquid_3",
+        "asp_vol": 72.0,
+        "dis_vol": 150.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 94.0,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 94.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_2",
+        "targets": "Liquid_3",
+        "asp_vol": 20.0,
+        "dis_vol": 20.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 7.6,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 7.6
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_5",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 6.0,
+        "dis_vol": 12.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 7.6,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 7.6
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_5",
+        "targets": "Liquid_2",
+        "asp_vol": 10.666666666666666,
+        "dis_vol": 12.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 7.599999999999999,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 7.6
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "action": "transfer_liquid",
+      "action_args": {
+        "sources": "Liquid_2",
+        "targets": "Liquid_6",
+        "asp_vol": 12.0,
+        "dis_vol": 10.0,
+        "asp_flow_rate": 7.6,
+        "dis_flow_rate": 7.6
+      }
+    }
+  ],
+  "reagent": {
+    "Liquid_6": {
+      "slot": 1,
+      "well": [
+        "A2"
+      ],
+      "labware": "elution plate"
+    },
+    "Liquid_1": {
+      "slot": 2,
+      "well": [
+        "A1",
+        "A2",
+        "A4"
+      ],
+      "labware": "reagent reservoir"
+    },
+    "Liquid_4": {
+      "slot": 2,
+      "well": [
+        "A1",
+        "A2",
+        "A4"
+      ],
+      "labware": "reagent reservoir"
+    },
+    "Liquid_5": {
+      "slot": 2,
+      "well": [
+        "A1",
+        "A2",
+        "A4"
+      ],
+      "labware": "reagent reservoir"
+    },
+    "Liquid_2": {
+      "slot": 4,
+      "well": [
+        "A2"
+      ],
+      "labware": "TAG1 plate on Magnetic Module GEN2"
+    },
+    "Liquid_3": {
+      "slot": 12,
+      "well": [
+        "A1"
+      ],
+      "labware": "Opentrons Fixed Trash"
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/workflow/merge_workflow.py b/test/workflow/merge_workflow.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f42783c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/workflow/merge_workflow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import pytest
+import json
+from scripts.workflow import build_protocol_graph, draw_protocol_graph, draw_protocol_graph_with_ports
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol_name", [
+    "example_bio",
+    # "bioyond_materials_liquidhandling_1",
+])
+def test_build_protocol_graph(protocol_name):
+    d = json.load(open(f"{protocol_name}.json"))
+    graph = build_protocol_graph(labware_info=d["reagent"], protocol_steps=d["workflow"], workstation_name="PRCXi")
+    draw_protocol_graph_with_ports(graph, "graph.png")
+    print(graph)
\ No newline at end of file