Uni-Lab-OS/unilabos/devices/liquid_handling/liquid_handler_abstract.py

from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
import time
import traceback
from collections import Counter
from typing import List, Sequence, Optional, Literal, Union, Iterator, Dict, Any, Callable, Set, cast

from pylabrobot.liquid_handling import LiquidHandler, LiquidHandlerBackend, LiquidHandlerChatterboxBackend, Strictness
from unilabos.devices.liquid_handling.rviz_backend import UniLiquidHandlerRvizBackend
from unilabos.devices.liquid_handling.laiyu.backend.laiyu_v_backend import UniLiquidHandlerLaiyuBackend
from pylabrobot.liquid_handling.liquid_handler import TipPresenceProbingMethod
from pylabrobot.liquid_handling.standard import GripDirection
from pylabrobot.resources import (
    Resource,
    TipRack,
    Container,
    Coordinate,
    Well,
    Deck,
    TipSpot,
    Plate,
    ResourceStack,
    ResourceHolder,
    Lid,
    Trash,
    Tip,
)

from unilabos.ros.nodes.base_device_node import BaseROS2DeviceNode


class LiquidHandlerMiddleware(LiquidHandler):
    def __init__(self, backend: LiquidHandlerBackend, deck: Deck, simulator: bool = False, channel_num: int = 8, **kwargs):
        self._simulator = simulator
        self.channel_num = channel_num
        joint_config = kwargs.get("joint_config", None)
        if simulator:
            if joint_config:
                self._simulate_backend = UniLiquidHandlerRvizBackend(channel_num, kwargs["total_height"],
                                                                     joint_config=joint_config, lh_device_id=deck.name)
            else:
                self._simulate_backend = LiquidHandlerChatterboxBackend(channel_num)
            self._simulate_handler = LiquidHandlerAbstract(self._simulate_backend, deck, False)
        super().__init__(backend, deck)

    async def setup(self, **backend_kwargs):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.setup(**backend_kwargs)
        return await super().setup(**backend_kwargs)

    def serialize_state(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.serialize_state()
        return super().serialize_state()

    def load_state(self, state: Dict[str, Any]):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.load_state(state)
        super().load_state(state)

    def update_head_state(self, state: Dict[int, Optional[Tip]]):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.update_head_state(state)
        super().update_head_state(state)

    def clear_head_state(self):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.clear_head_state()
        super().clear_head_state()

    def _run_async_in_thread(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
        super()._run_async_in_thread(func, *args, **kwargs)

    def _send_assigned_resource_to_backend(self, resource: Resource):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler._send_assigned_resource_to_backend(resource)
        super()._send_assigned_resource_to_backend(resource)

    def _send_unassigned_resource_to_backend(self, resource: Resource):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler._send_unassigned_resource_to_backend(resource)
        super()._send_unassigned_resource_to_backend(resource)

    def summary(self):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.summary()
        super().summary()

    def _assert_positions_unique(self, positions: List[str]):
        super()._assert_positions_unique(positions)

    def _assert_resources_exist(self, resources: Sequence[Resource]):
        super()._assert_resources_exist(resources)

    def _check_args(
        self, method: Callable, backend_kwargs: Dict[str, Any], default: Set[str], strictness: Strictness
    ) -> Set[str]:
        return super()._check_args(method, backend_kwargs, default, strictness)

    def _make_sure_channels_exist(self, channels: List[int]):
        super()._make_sure_channels_exist(channels)

    def _format_param(self, value: Any) -> Any:
        return super()._format_param(value)

    def _log_command(self, name: str, **kwargs) -> None:
        super()._log_command(name, **kwargs)

    async def pick_up_tips(
        self,
        tip_spots: List[TipSpot],
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):

        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.pick_up_tips(tip_spots, use_channels, offsets, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().pick_up_tips(tip_spots, use_channels, offsets, **backend_kwargs)

    async def drop_tips(
        self,
        tip_spots: Sequence[Union[TipSpot, Trash]],
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        allow_nonzero_volume: bool = False,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.drop_tips(
                tip_spots, use_channels, offsets, allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs
            )
        return await super().drop_tips(tip_spots, use_channels, offsets, allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    async def return_tips(
        self, use_channels: Optional[list[int]] = None, allow_nonzero_volume: bool = False, **backend_kwargs
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.return_tips(use_channels, allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().return_tips(use_channels, allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    async def discard_tips(
        self,
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        allow_nonzero_volume: bool = True,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        # 如果 use_channels 为 None，使用默认值（所有通道）
        if use_channels is None:
            use_channels = list(range(self.channel_num))
        if not offsets or (isinstance(offsets, list) and len(offsets) != len(use_channels)):
            offsets = [Coordinate.zero()] * len(use_channels)
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.discard_tips(use_channels, allow_nonzero_volume, offsets, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().discard_tips(use_channels, allow_nonzero_volume, offsets, **backend_kwargs)

    def _check_containers(self, resources: Sequence[Resource]):
        super()._check_containers(resources)

    async def aspirate(
        self,
        resources: Sequence[Container],
        vols: List[float],
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        spread: Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"] = "wide",
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.aspirate(
                resources,
                vols,
                use_channels,
                flow_rates,
                offsets,
                liquid_height,
                blow_out_air_volume,
                spread,
                **backend_kwargs,
            )
        return await super().aspirate(
            resources,
            vols,
            use_channels,
            flow_rates,
            offsets,
            liquid_height,
            blow_out_air_volume,
            spread,
            **backend_kwargs,
        )

    async def dispense(
        self,
        resources: Sequence[Container],
        vols: List[float],
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        spread: Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"] = "wide",
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.dispense(
                resources,
                vols,
                use_channels,
                flow_rates,
                offsets,
                liquid_height,
                blow_out_air_volume,
                spread,
                **backend_kwargs,
            )
        return await super().dispense(
            resources,
            vols,
            use_channels,
            flow_rates,
            offsets,
            liquid_height,
            blow_out_air_volume,
            **backend_kwargs,
        )

    async def transfer(
        self,
        source: Well,
        targets: List[Well],
        source_vol: Optional[float] = None,
        ratios: Optional[List[float]] = None,
        target_vols: Optional[List[float]] = None,
        aspiration_flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
        dispense_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.transfer(
                source,
                targets,
                source_vol,
                ratios,
                target_vols,
                aspiration_flow_rate,
                dispense_flow_rates,
                **backend_kwargs,
            )
        return await super().transfer(
            source,
            targets,
            source_vol,
            ratios,
            target_vols,
            aspiration_flow_rate,
            dispense_flow_rates,
            **backend_kwargs,
        )

    def use_channels(self, channels: List[int]):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.use_channels(channels)
        return super().use_channels(channels)

    async def pick_up_tips96(self, tip_rack: TipRack, offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(), **backend_kwargs):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.pick_up_tips96(tip_rack, offset, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().pick_up_tips96(tip_rack, offset, **backend_kwargs)

    async def drop_tips96(
        self,
        resource: Union[TipRack, Trash],
        offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        allow_nonzero_volume: bool = False,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.drop_tips96(resource, offset, allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().drop_tips96(resource, offset, allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    def _get_96_head_origin_tip_rack(self) -> Optional[TipRack]:
        return super()._get_96_head_origin_tip_rack()

    async def return_tips96(self, allow_nonzero_volume: bool = False, **backend_kwargs):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.return_tips96(allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().return_tips96(allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    async def discard_tips96(self, allow_nonzero_volume: bool = True, **backend_kwargs):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.discard_tips96(allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().discard_tips96(allow_nonzero_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    async def aspirate96(
        self,
        resource: Union[Plate, Container, List[Well]],
        volume: float,
        offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[float] = None,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.aspirate96(
                resource, volume, offset, flow_rate, blow_out_air_volume, **backend_kwargs
            )
        return await super().aspirate96(resource, volume, offset, flow_rate, blow_out_air_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    async def dispense96(
        self,
        resource: Union[Plate, Container, List[Well]],
        volume: float,
        offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[float] = None,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.dispense96(
                resource, volume, offset, flow_rate, blow_out_air_volume, **backend_kwargs
            )
        return await super().dispense96(resource, volume, offset, flow_rate, blow_out_air_volume, **backend_kwargs)

    async def stamp(
        self,
        source: Plate,
        target: Plate,
        volume: float,
        aspiration_flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
        dispense_flow_rate: Optional[float] = None,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.stamp(source, target, volume, aspiration_flow_rate, dispense_flow_rate)
        return await super().stamp(source, target, volume, aspiration_flow_rate, dispense_flow_rate)

    async def pick_up_resource(
        self,
        resource: Resource,
        offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        pickup_distance_from_top: float = 0,
        direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.pick_up_resource(
                resource, offset, pickup_distance_from_top, direction, **backend_kwargs
            )
        return await super().pick_up_resource(resource, offset, pickup_distance_from_top, direction, **backend_kwargs)

    async def move_picked_up_resource(
        self,
        to: Coordinate,
        offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        direction: Optional[GripDirection] = None,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_picked_up_resource(to, offset, direction, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().move_picked_up_resource(to, offset, direction, **backend_kwargs)

    async def drop_resource(
        self,
        destination: Union[ResourceStack, ResourceHolder, Resource, Coordinate],
        offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.drop_resource(destination, offset, direction, **backend_kwargs)
        return await super().drop_resource(destination, offset, direction, **backend_kwargs)

    async def move_resource(
        self,
        resource: Resource,
        to: Union[ResourceStack, ResourceHolder, Resource, Coordinate],
        intermediate_locations: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        pickup_offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        destination_offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        pickup_distance_from_top: float = 0,
        pickup_direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        drop_direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_resource(
                resource,
                to,
                intermediate_locations,
                pickup_offset,
                destination_offset,
                pickup_distance_from_top,
                pickup_direction,
                drop_direction,
                **backend_kwargs,
            )
        return await super().move_resource(
            resource,
            to,
            intermediate_locations,
            pickup_offset,
            destination_offset,
            pickup_distance_from_top,
            pickup_direction,
            drop_direction,
            **backend_kwargs,
        )

    async def move_lid(
        self,
        lid: Lid,
        to: Union[Plate, ResourceStack, Coordinate],
        intermediate_locations: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        pickup_offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        destination_offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        pickup_direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        drop_direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        pickup_distance_from_top: float = 5.7 - 3.33,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_lid(
                lid,
                to,
                intermediate_locations,
                pickup_offset,
                destination_offset,
                pickup_direction,
                drop_direction,
                pickup_distance_from_top,
                **backend_kwargs,
            )
        return await super().move_lid(
            lid,
            to,
            intermediate_locations,
            pickup_offset,
            destination_offset,
            pickup_direction,
            drop_direction,
            pickup_distance_from_top,
            **backend_kwargs,
        )

    async def move_plate(
        self,
        plate: Plate,
        to: Union[ResourceStack, ResourceHolder, Resource, Coordinate],
        intermediate_locations: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        pickup_offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        destination_offset: Coordinate = Coordinate.zero(),
        drop_direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        pickup_direction: GripDirection = GripDirection.FRONT,
        pickup_distance_from_top: float = 13.2 - 3.33,
        **backend_kwargs,
    ):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_plate(
                plate,
                to,
                intermediate_locations,
                pickup_offset,
                destination_offset,
                drop_direction,
                pickup_direction,
                pickup_distance_from_top,
                **backend_kwargs,
            )
        return await super().move_plate(
            plate,
            to,
            intermediate_locations,
            pickup_offset,
            destination_offset,
            drop_direction,
            pickup_direction,
            pickup_distance_from_top,
            **backend_kwargs,
        )

    def serialize(self):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.serialize()
        return super().serialize()

    @classmethod
    def deserialize(cls, data: dict, allow_marshal: bool = False) -> LiquidHandler:
        return super().deserialize(data, allow_marshal)

    @classmethod
    def load(cls, path: str) -> LiquidHandler:
        return super().load(path)

    async def prepare_for_manual_channel_operation(self, channel: int):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.prepare_for_manual_channel_operation(channel)
        return await super().prepare_for_manual_channel_operation(channel)

    async def move_channel_x(self, channel: int, x: float):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_channel_x(channel, x)
        return await super().move_channel_x(channel, x)

    async def move_channel_y(self, channel: int, y: float):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_channel_y(channel, y)
        return await super().move_channel_y(channel, y)

    async def move_channel_z(self, channel: int, z: float):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.move_channel_z(channel, z)
        return await super().move_channel_z(channel, z)

    def assign_child_resource(self, resource: Resource, location: Optional[Coordinate], reassign: bool = True):
        if self._simulator:
            self._simulate_handler.assign_child_resource(resource, location, reassign)
        pass

    async def probe_tip_presence_via_pickup(
        self, tip_spots: List[TipSpot], use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None
    ) -> Dict[str, bool]:
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.probe_tip_presence_via_pickup(tip_spots, use_channels)
        return await super().probe_tip_presence_via_pickup(tip_spots, use_channels)

    async def probe_tip_inventory(
        self,
        tip_spots: List[TipSpot],
        probing_fn: Optional[TipPresenceProbingMethod] = None,
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
    ) -> Dict[str, bool]:
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.probe_tip_inventory(tip_spots, probing_fn, use_channels)
        return await super().probe_tip_inventory(tip_spots, probing_fn, use_channels)

    async def consolidate_tip_inventory(self, tip_racks: List[TipRack], use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None):
        if self._simulator:
            return await self._simulate_handler.consolidate_tip_inventory(tip_racks, use_channels)
        return await super().consolidate_tip_inventory(tip_racks, use_channels)


class LiquidHandlerAbstract(LiquidHandlerMiddleware):
    """Extended LiquidHandler with additional operations."""
    support_touch_tip = True
    _ros_node: BaseROS2DeviceNode

    def __init__(self, backend: LiquidHandlerBackend, deck: Deck, simulator: bool=False, channel_num:int = 8):
        """Initialize a LiquidHandler.

        Args:
          backend: Backend to use.
          deck: Deck to use.
        """
        self._simulator = simulator
        self.group_info = dict()
        super().__init__(backend, deck, simulator, channel_num)

    def post_init(self, ros_node: BaseROS2DeviceNode):
        self._ros_node = ros_node

    @classmethod
    def set_liquid(cls, wells: list[Well], liquid_names: list[str], volumes: list[float]):
        """Set the liquid in a well."""
        for well, liquid_name, volume in zip(wells, liquid_names, volumes):
            well.set_liquids([(liquid_name, volume)])  # type: ignore
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------
    # REMOVE LIQUID --------------------------------------------------
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------

    def set_group(self, group_name: str, wells: List[Well], volumes: List[float]):
        if self.channel_num == 8 and len(wells) != 8:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Expected 8 wells, got {len(wells)}")
        self.group_info[group_name] = wells
        self.set_liquid(wells, [group_name] * len(wells), volumes)

    async def transfer_group(self, source_group_name: str, target_group_name: str, unit_volume: float):

        source_wells = self.group_info.get(source_group_name, [])
        target_wells = self.group_info.get(target_group_name, [])
        
        rack_info = dict()
        for child in self.deck.children:
            if issubclass(child.__class__, TipRack):
                rack: TipRack = cast(TipRack, child)
                if "plate" not in rack.name.lower():
                    for tip in rack.get_all_tips():
                        if unit_volume > tip.maximal_volume:
                            break
                        else:
                            rack_info[rack.name] = (rack, tip.maximal_volume - unit_volume)
        
        if len(rack_info) == 0:
            raise ValueError(f"No tip rack can support volume {unit_volume}.")
        
        rack_info = sorted(rack_info.items(), key=lambda x: x[1][1])
        for child in self.deck.children:
            if child.name == rack_info[0][0]:
                target_rack = child
        target_rack = cast(TipRack, target_rack)
        available_tips = {}
        for (idx, tipSpot) in enumerate(target_rack.get_all_items()):
            if tipSpot.has_tip():
                available_tips[idx] = tipSpot
                continue
        # 一般移动液体有两种方式，一对多和多对多
        print("channel_num", self.channel_num)
        if self.channel_num == 8:

            tip_prefix = list(available_tips.values())[0].name.split('_')[0]
            colnum_list = [int(tip.name.split('_')[-1][1:]) for tip in available_tips.values()]
            available_cols = [colnum for colnum, count in dict(Counter(colnum_list)).items() if count == 8]
            available_cols.sort() 
            available_tips_dict = {tip.name: tip for tip in available_tips.values()}
            tips_to_use = [available_tips_dict[f"{tip_prefix}_{chr(65 + i)}{available_cols[0]}"] for i in range(8)]
            print("tips_to_use", tips_to_use)
            await self.pick_up_tips(tips_to_use, use_channels=list(range(0, 8)))
            print("source_wells", source_wells)
            await self.aspirate(source_wells, [unit_volume] * 8, use_channels=list(range(0, 8)))
            print("target_wells", target_wells)
            await self.dispense(target_wells, [unit_volume] * 8, use_channels=list(range(0, 8)))
            await self.discard_tips(use_channels=list(range(0, 8)))

        elif self.channel_num == 1: 
            
            for num_well in range(len(target_wells)):
                tip_to_use = available_tips[list(available_tips.keys())[num_well]] 
                print("tip_to_use", tip_to_use)
                await self.pick_up_tips([tip_to_use], use_channels=[0])
                print("source_wells", source_wells)
                print("target_wells", target_wells)
                if len(source_wells) == 1:
                    await self.aspirate([source_wells[0]], [unit_volume], use_channels=[0]) 
                else:
                    await self.aspirate([source_wells[num_well]], [unit_volume], use_channels=[0])
                await self.dispense([target_wells[num_well]], [unit_volume], use_channels=[0])
                await self.discard_tips(use_channels=[0])

        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported channel number {self.channel_num}.")

    async def create_protocol(
        self,
        protocol_name: str,
        protocol_description: str,
        protocol_version: str,
        protocol_author: str,
        protocol_date: str,
        protocol_type: str,
        none_keys: List[str] = [],
    ):
        """Create a new protocol with the given metadata."""
        pass


    async def remove_liquid(
        self,
        vols: List[float],
        sources: Sequence[Container],
        waste_liquid: Optional[Container] = None,
        *,
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        spread: Optional[Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"]] = "wide",
        delays: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        is_96_well: Optional[bool] = False,
        top: Optional[List[float]] = None,
        none_keys: List[str] = [],
    ):
        """A complete *remove* (aspirate → waste) operation."""

        try:
            if is_96_well:
                pass  # This mode is not verified.
            else:
                # 首先应该对任务分组，然后每次1个/8个进行操作处理
                if len(use_channels) == 1 and self.backend.num_channels == 1:

                    for _ in range(len(sources)):
                        tip = []
                        for __ in range(len(use_channels)):
                            tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                        await self.pick_up_tips(tip)
                        await self.aspirate(
                            resources=[sources[_]],
                            vols=[vols[_]],
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=[flow_rates[0]] if flow_rates else None,
                            offsets=[offsets[0]] if offsets else None,
                            liquid_height=[liquid_height[0]] if liquid_height else None,
                            blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[0]] if blow_out_air_volume else None,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        if delays is not None:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])

                        await self.dispense(
                            resources=[waste_liquid],
                            vols=[vols[_]],
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=[flow_rates[1]] if flow_rates else None,
                            offsets=[offsets[1]] if offsets else None,
                            blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[1]] if blow_out_air_volume else None,
                            liquid_height=[liquid_height[1]] if liquid_height else None,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        await self.discard_tips()

                elif len(use_channels) == 8 and self.backend.num_channels == 8:
               
                  
                    # 对于8个的情况，需要判断此时任务是不是能被8通道移液站来成功处理
                    if len(sources) % 8 != 0:
                        raise ValueError(f"Length of `sources` {len(sources)} must be a multiple of 8 for 8-channel mode.")

                    # 8个8个来取任务序列

                    for i in range(0, len(sources), 8):
                        tip = []
                        for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                            tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                        await self.pick_up_tips(tip)
                        current_targets = waste_liquid[i:i + 8]
                        current_reagent_sources = sources[i:i + 8]
                        current_asp_vols = vols[i:i + 8]
                        current_dis_vols = vols[i:i + 8]
                        current_asp_flow_rates = flow_rates[i:i + 8] if flow_rates else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_flow_rates = flow_rates[-i*8-8:len(flow_rates)-i*8] if flow_rates else [None] * 8
                        current_asp_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_offset = offsets[-i*8-8:len(offsets)-i*8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                        current_asp_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[-i*8-8:len(liquid_height)-i*8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                        current_asp_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[-i*8-8:len(blow_out_air_volume)-i*8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8

                        await self.aspirate(
                            resources=current_reagent_sources,
                            vols=current_asp_vols,
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=current_asp_flow_rates,
                            offsets=current_asp_offset,
                            liquid_height=current_asp_liquid_height,
                            blow_out_air_volume=current_asp_blow_out_air_volume,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        if delays is not None:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                        await self.dispense(
                            resources=current_targets,
                            vols=current_dis_vols,
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=current_dis_flow_rates,
                            offsets=current_dis_offset,
                            liquid_height=current_dis_liquid_height,
                            blow_out_air_volume=current_dis_blow_out_air_volume,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                        await self.touch_tip(current_targets)
                        await self.discard_tips()        

        except Exception as e:
            traceback.print_exc()
            raise RuntimeError(f"Liquid addition failed: {e}") from e

    # ---------------------------------------------------------------
    # ADD LIQUID -----------------------------------------------------
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------

    async def add_liquid(
        self,
        asp_vols: Union[List[float], float],
        dis_vols: Union[List[float], float],
        reagent_sources: Sequence[Container],
        targets: Sequence[Container],
        *,
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        spread: Optional[Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"]] = "wide",
        is_96_well: bool = False,
        delays: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        mix_time: Optional[int] = None,
        mix_vol: Optional[int] = None,
        mix_rate: Optional[int] = None,
        mix_liquid_height: Optional[float] = None,
        none_keys: List[str] = [],
    ):
        # """A complete *add* (aspirate reagent → dispense into targets) operation."""

        # # try:
            if is_96_well:
                pass  # This mode is not verified.
            else:
                if len(asp_vols) != len(targets):
                    raise ValueError(f"Length of `asp_vols` {len(asp_vols)} must match `targets` {len(targets)}.")
                # 首先应该对任务分组，然后每次1个/8个进行操作处理
                if len(use_channels) == 1:
                    for _ in range(len(targets)):
                        tip = []
                        for x in range(len(use_channels)):
                            tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                        await self.pick_up_tips(tip)

                        await self.aspirate(
                            resources=[reagent_sources[_]],
                            vols=[asp_vols[_]],
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=[flow_rates[0]] if flow_rates else None,
                            offsets=[offsets[0]] if offsets else None,
                            liquid_height=[liquid_height[0]] if liquid_height else None,
                            blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[0]] if blow_out_air_volume else None,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        
                        if delays is not None:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                        await self.dispense(
                            resources=[targets[_]],
                            vols=[dis_vols[_]],
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=[flow_rates[1]] if flow_rates else None,
                            offsets=[offsets[1]] if offsets else None,
                            blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[1]] if blow_out_air_volume else None,
                            liquid_height=[liquid_height[1]] if liquid_height else None,
                            spread=spread,
                        )

                        if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                        # 只有在 mix_time 有效时才调用 mix
                        if mix_time is not None and mix_time > 0:
                            await self.mix(
                                targets=[targets[_]],
                                mix_time=mix_time,
                                mix_vol=mix_vol,
                                offsets=offsets if offsets else None,
                                height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                                mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                            )
                        if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                        await self.touch_tip(targets[_])
                        await self.discard_tips()

                elif len(use_channels) == 8:
                    # 对于8个的情况，需要判断此时任务是不是能被8通道移液站来成功处理
                    if len(targets) % 8 != 0:
                        raise ValueError(f"Length of `targets` {len(targets)} must be a multiple of 8 for 8-channel mode.")

                    for i in range(0, len(targets), 8):
                        tip = []
                        for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                            tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                        await self.pick_up_tips(tip)
                        current_targets = targets[i:i + 8]
                        current_reagent_sources = reagent_sources[i:i + 8]
                        current_asp_vols = asp_vols[i:i + 8]
                        current_dis_vols = dis_vols[i:i + 8]
                        current_asp_flow_rates = flow_rates[i:i + 8] if flow_rates else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_flow_rates = flow_rates[-i*8-8:len(flow_rates)-i*8] if flow_rates else [None] * 8
                        current_asp_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_offset = offsets[-i*8-8:len(offsets)-i*8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                        current_asp_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[-i*8-8:len(liquid_height)-i*8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                        current_asp_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                        current_dis_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[-i*8-8:len(blow_out_air_volume)-i*8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8

                        await self.aspirate(
                            resources=current_reagent_sources,
                            vols=current_asp_vols,
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=current_asp_flow_rates,
                            offsets=current_asp_offset,
                            liquid_height=current_asp_liquid_height,
                            blow_out_air_volume=current_asp_blow_out_air_volume,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        if delays is not None:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                        await self.dispense(
                            resources=current_targets,
                            vols=current_dis_vols,
                            use_channels=use_channels,
                            flow_rates=current_dis_flow_rates,
                            offsets=current_dis_offset,
                            liquid_height=current_dis_liquid_height,
                            blow_out_air_volume=current_dis_blow_out_air_volume,
                            spread=spread,
                        )
                        if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])

                        # 只有在 mix_time 有效时才调用 mix
                        if mix_time is not None and mix_time > 0:
                            await self.mix(
                                targets=current_targets,
                                mix_time=mix_time,
                                mix_vol=mix_vol,
                                offsets=offsets if offsets else None,
                                height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                                mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                            )
                        if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                            await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                        await self.touch_tip(current_targets)
                        await self.discard_tips()


        # except Exception as e:
        #     traceback.print_exc()
        #     raise RuntimeError(f"Liquid addition failed: {e}") from e

    # ---------------------------------------------------------------
    # TRANSFER LIQUID ------------------------------------------------
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------
    async def transfer_liquid(
        self,
        sources: Sequence[Container],
        targets: Sequence[Container],
        tip_racks: Sequence[TipRack],
        *,
        use_channels: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        asp_vols: Union[List[float], float],
        dis_vols: Union[List[float], float],
        asp_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        dis_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]] = None,
        touch_tip: bool = False,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]] = None,
        spread: Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"] = "wide",
        is_96_well: bool = False,
        mix_stage: Optional[Literal["none", "before", "after", "both"]] = "none",
        mix_times: Optional[int] = None,
        mix_vol: Optional[int] = None,
        mix_rate: Optional[int] = None,
        mix_liquid_height: Optional[float] = None,
        delays: Optional[List[int]] = None,
        none_keys: List[str] = [],
    ):
        """Transfer liquid with automatic mode detection.

        Supports three transfer modes:
        1. One-to-many (1 source -> N targets): Distribute from one source to multiple targets
        2. One-to-one (N sources -> N targets): Standard transfer, each source to corresponding target
        3. Many-to-one (N sources -> 1 target): Combine multiple sources into one target

        Parameters
        ----------
        asp_vols, dis_vols
            Single volume (µL) or list. Automatically expanded based on transfer mode.
        sources, targets
            Containers (wells or plates). Length determines transfer mode:
            - len(sources) == 1, len(targets) > 1: One-to-many mode
            - len(sources) == len(targets): One-to-one mode
            - len(sources) > 1, len(targets) == 1: Many-to-one mode
        tip_racks
            One or more TipRacks providing fresh tips.
        is_96_well
            Set *True* to use the 96‑channel head.
        """
        
        # 确保 use_channels 有默认值
        if use_channels is None:
            use_channels = [0] if self.channel_num >= 1 else list(range(self.channel_num))
        
        if is_96_well:
            pass  # This mode is not verified.
        else:
            # 转换体积参数为列表
            if isinstance(asp_vols, (int, float)):
                asp_vols = [float(asp_vols)]
            else:
                asp_vols = [float(v) for v in asp_vols]
            
            if isinstance(dis_vols, (int, float)):
                dis_vols = [float(dis_vols)]
            else:
                dis_vols = [float(v) for v in dis_vols]

        # 统一混合次数为标量，防止数组/列表与 int 比较时报错
        if mix_times is not None and not isinstance(mix_times, (int, float)):
            try:
                mix_times = mix_times[0] if len(mix_times) > 0 else None
            except Exception:
                try:
                    mix_times = next(iter(mix_times))
                except Exception:
                    pass
        if mix_times is not None:
            mix_times = int(mix_times)
            
            # 识别传输模式
            num_sources = len(sources)
            num_targets = len(targets)
            
            if num_sources == 1 and num_targets > 1:
                # 模式1: 一对多 (1 source -> N targets)
                await self._transfer_one_to_many(
                    sources[0], targets, tip_racks, use_channels,
                    asp_vols, dis_vols, asp_flow_rates, dis_flow_rates,
                    offsets, touch_tip, liquid_height, blow_out_air_volume,
                    spread, mix_stage, mix_times, mix_vol, mix_rate,
                    mix_liquid_height, delays
                )
            elif num_sources > 1 and num_targets == 1:
                # 模式2: 多对一 (N sources -> 1 target)
                await self._transfer_many_to_one(
                    sources, targets[0], tip_racks, use_channels,
                    asp_vols, dis_vols, asp_flow_rates, dis_flow_rates,
                    offsets, touch_tip, liquid_height, blow_out_air_volume,
                    spread, mix_stage, mix_times, mix_vol, mix_rate,
                    mix_liquid_height, delays
                )
            elif num_sources == num_targets:
                # 模式3: 一对一 (N sources -> N targets) - 原有逻辑
                await self._transfer_one_to_one(
                    sources, targets, tip_racks, use_channels,
                    asp_vols, dis_vols, asp_flow_rates, dis_flow_rates,
                    offsets, touch_tip, liquid_height, blow_out_air_volume,
                    spread, mix_stage, mix_times, mix_vol, mix_rate,
                    mix_liquid_height, delays
                )
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Unsupported transfer mode: {num_sources} sources -> {num_targets} targets. "
                    "Supported modes: 1->N, N->1, or N->N."
                )

    async def _transfer_one_to_one(
        self,
        sources: Sequence[Container],
        targets: Sequence[Container],
        tip_racks: Sequence[TipRack],
        use_channels: List[int],
        asp_vols: List[float],
        dis_vols: List[float],
        asp_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        dis_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]],
        touch_tip: bool,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        spread: Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"],
        mix_stage: Optional[Literal["none", "before", "after", "both"]],
        mix_times: Optional[int],
        mix_vol: Optional[int],
        mix_rate: Optional[int],
        mix_liquid_height: Optional[float],
        delays: Optional[List[int]],
    ):
        """一对一传输模式：N sources -> N targets"""
        # 验证参数长度
        if len(asp_vols) != len(targets):
            raise ValueError(f"Length of `asp_vols` {len(asp_vols)} must match `targets` {len(targets)}.")
        if len(dis_vols) != len(targets):
            raise ValueError(f"Length of `dis_vols` {len(dis_vols)} must match `targets` {len(targets)}.")
        if len(sources) != len(targets):
            raise ValueError(f"Length of `sources` {len(sources)} must match `targets` {len(targets)}.")

        if len(use_channels) == 1:
            for _ in range(len(targets)):
                tip = []
                for ___ in range(len(use_channels)):
                    tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                await self.pick_up_tips(tip)

                await self.aspirate(
                    resources=[sources[_]],
                    vols=[asp_vols[_]],
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=[asp_flow_rates[_]] if asp_flow_rates and len(asp_flow_rates) > _ else None,
                    offsets=[offsets[_]] if offsets and len(offsets) > _ else None,
                    liquid_height=[liquid_height[_]] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > _ else None,
                    blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[_]] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > _ else None,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                if delays is not None:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                await self.dispense(
                    resources=[targets[_]],
                    vols=[dis_vols[_]],
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=[dis_flow_rates[_]] if dis_flow_rates and len(dis_flow_rates) > _ else None,
                    offsets=[offsets[_]] if offsets and len(offsets) > _ else None,
                    blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[_]] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > _ else None,
                    liquid_height=[liquid_height[_]] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > _ else None,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                if mix_stage in ["after", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                    await self.mix(
                        targets=[targets[_]],
                        mix_time=mix_times,
                        mix_vol=mix_vol,
                        offsets=offsets if offsets else None,
                        height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                        mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                    )
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                await self.touch_tip(targets[_])
                await self.discard_tips(use_channels=use_channels)

        elif len(use_channels) == 8:
            if len(targets) % 8 != 0:
                raise ValueError(f"Length of `targets` {len(targets)} must be a multiple of 8 for 8-channel mode.")

            for i in range(0, len(targets), 8):
                tip = []
                for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                    tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                await self.pick_up_tips(tip)
                current_targets = targets[i:i + 8]
                current_reagent_sources = sources[i:i + 8]
                current_asp_vols = asp_vols[i:i + 8]
                current_dis_vols = dis_vols[i:i + 8]
                current_asp_flow_rates = asp_flow_rates[i:i + 8] if asp_flow_rates else None
                current_asp_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                current_dis_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                current_asp_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                current_dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                current_asp_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                current_dis_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                current_dis_flow_rates = dis_flow_rates[i:i + 8] if dis_flow_rates else None

                await self.aspirate(
                    resources=current_reagent_sources,
                    vols=current_asp_vols,
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=current_asp_flow_rates,
                    offsets=current_asp_offset,
                    blow_out_air_volume=current_asp_blow_out_air_volume,
                    liquid_height=current_asp_liquid_height,
                    spread=spread,
                )

                if delays is not None:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                await self.dispense(
                    resources=current_targets,
                    vols=current_dis_vols,
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=current_dis_flow_rates,
                    offsets=current_dis_offset,
                    blow_out_air_volume=current_dis_blow_out_air_volume,
                    liquid_height=current_dis_liquid_height,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])

                if mix_stage in ["after", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                    await self.mix(
                        targets=current_targets,
                        mix_time=mix_times,
                        mix_vol=mix_vol,
                        offsets=offsets if offsets else None,
                        height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                        mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                    )
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                await self.touch_tip(current_targets)
                await self.discard_tips([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7])

    async def _transfer_one_to_many(
        self,
        source: Container,
        targets: Sequence[Container],
        tip_racks: Sequence[TipRack],
        use_channels: List[int],
        asp_vols: List[float],
        dis_vols: List[float],
        asp_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        dis_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]],
        touch_tip: bool,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        spread: Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"],
        mix_stage: Optional[Literal["none", "before", "after", "both"]],
        mix_times: Optional[int],
        mix_vol: Optional[int],
        mix_rate: Optional[int],
        mix_liquid_height: Optional[float],
        delays: Optional[List[int]],
    ):
        """一对多传输模式：1 source -> N targets"""
        # 验证和扩展体积参数
        if len(asp_vols) == 1:
            # 如果只提供一个吸液体积，计算总吸液体积（所有分液体积之和）
            total_asp_vol = sum(dis_vols)
            asp_vol = asp_vols[0] if asp_vols[0] >= total_asp_vol else total_asp_vol
        else:
            raise ValueError("For one-to-many mode, `asp_vols` should be a single value or list with one element.")
        
        if len(dis_vols) != len(targets):
            raise ValueError(f"Length of `dis_vols` {len(dis_vols)} must match `targets` {len(targets)}.")

        if len(use_channels) == 1:
            # 单通道模式：一次吸液，多次分液
            tip = []
            for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
            await self.pick_up_tips(tip)

            # 从源容器吸液（总体积）
            await self.aspirate(
                resources=[source],
                vols=[asp_vol],
                use_channels=use_channels,
                flow_rates=[asp_flow_rates[0]] if asp_flow_rates and len(asp_flow_rates) > 0 else None,
                offsets=[offsets[0]] if offsets and len(offsets) > 0 else None,
                liquid_height=[liquid_height[0]] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > 0 else None,
                blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[0]] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > 0 else None,
                spread=spread,
            )
            
            if delays is not None:
                await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
            
            # 分多次分液到不同的目标容器
            for idx, target in enumerate(targets):
                await self.dispense(
                    resources=[target],
                    vols=[dis_vols[idx]],
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=[dis_flow_rates[idx]] if dis_flow_rates and len(dis_flow_rates) > idx else None,
                    offsets=[offsets[idx]] if offsets and len(offsets) > idx else None,
                    blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[idx]] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > idx else None,
                    liquid_height=[liquid_height[idx]] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > idx else None,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                if mix_stage in ["after", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                    await self.mix(
                        targets=[target],
                        mix_time=mix_times,
                        mix_vol=mix_vol,
                        offsets=offsets[idx:idx+1] if offsets else None,
                        height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                        mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                    )
                if touch_tip:
                    await self.touch_tip([target])
            
            await self.discard_tips(use_channels=use_channels)
        
        elif len(use_channels) == 8:
            # 8通道模式：需要确保目标数量是8的倍数
            if len(targets) % 8 != 0:
                raise ValueError(f"For 8-channel mode, number of targets {len(targets)} must be a multiple of 8.")
            
            # 每次处理8个目标
            for i in range(0, len(targets), 8):
                tip = []
                for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                    tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                await self.pick_up_tips(tip)
                
                current_targets = targets[i:i + 8]
                current_dis_vols = dis_vols[i:i + 8]
                
                # 8个通道都从同一个源容器吸液，每个通道的吸液体积等于对应的分液体积
                current_asp_flow_rates = asp_flow_rates[0:1] * 8 if asp_flow_rates and len(asp_flow_rates) > 0 else None
                current_asp_offset = offsets[0:1] * 8 if offsets and len(offsets) > 0 else [None] * 8
                current_asp_liquid_height = liquid_height[0:1] * 8 if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > 0 else [None] * 8
                current_asp_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[0:1] * 8 if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > 0 else [None] * 8
                
                # 从源容器吸液（8个通道都从同一个源，但每个通道的吸液体积不同）
                await self.aspirate(
                    resources=[source] * 8,  # 8个通道都从同一个源
                    vols=current_dis_vols,  # 每个通道的吸液体积等于对应的分液体积
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=current_asp_flow_rates,
                    offsets=current_asp_offset,
                    liquid_height=current_asp_liquid_height,
                    blow_out_air_volume=current_asp_blow_out_air_volume,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                
                if delays is not None:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                
                # 分液到8个目标
                current_dis_flow_rates = dis_flow_rates[i:i + 8] if dis_flow_rates else None
                current_dis_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                current_dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                current_dis_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                
                await self.dispense(
                    resources=current_targets,
                    vols=current_dis_vols,
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=current_dis_flow_rates,
                    offsets=current_dis_offset,
                    blow_out_air_volume=current_dis_blow_out_air_volume,
                    liquid_height=current_dis_liquid_height,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                
                if mix_stage in ["after", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                    await self.mix(
                        targets=current_targets,
                        mix_time=mix_times,
                        mix_vol=mix_vol,
                        offsets=offsets if offsets else None,
                        height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                        mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                    )
                
                if touch_tip:
                    await self.touch_tip(current_targets)
                
                await self.discard_tips([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7])

    async def _transfer_many_to_one(
        self,
        sources: Sequence[Container],
        target: Container,
        tip_racks: Sequence[TipRack],
        use_channels: List[int],
        asp_vols: List[float],
        dis_vols: List[float],
        asp_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        dis_flow_rates: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        offsets: Optional[List[Coordinate]],
        touch_tip: bool,
        liquid_height: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        blow_out_air_volume: Optional[List[Optional[float]]],
        spread: Literal["wide", "tight", "custom"],
        mix_stage: Optional[Literal["none", "before", "after", "both"]],
        mix_times: Optional[int],
        mix_vol: Optional[int],
        mix_rate: Optional[int],
        mix_liquid_height: Optional[float],
        delays: Optional[List[int]],
    ):
        """多对一传输模式：N sources -> 1 target（汇总/混合）"""
        # 验证和扩展体积参数
        if len(asp_vols) != len(sources):
            raise ValueError(f"Length of `asp_vols` {len(asp_vols)} must match `sources` {len(sources)}.")
        
        # 支持两种模式：
        # 1. dis_vols 为单个值：所有源汇总，使用总吸液体积或指定分液体积
        # 2. dis_vols 长度等于 asp_vols：每个源按不同比例分液（按比例混合）
        if len(dis_vols) == 1:
            # 模式1：使用单个分液体积
            total_dis_vol = sum(asp_vols)
            dis_vol = dis_vols[0] if dis_vols[0] >= total_dis_vol else total_dis_vol
            use_proportional_mixing = False
        elif len(dis_vols) == len(asp_vols):
            # 模式2：按不同比例混合
            use_proportional_mixing = True
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"For many-to-one mode, `dis_vols` should be a single value or list with length {len(asp_vols)} "
                f"(matching `asp_vols`). Got length {len(dis_vols)}."
            )

        if len(use_channels) == 1:
            # 单通道模式：多次吸液，一次分液
            # 先混合前（如果需要）
            if mix_stage in ["before", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                # 注意：在吸液前混合源容器通常不常见，这里跳过
                pass
            
            # 从每个源容器吸液并分液到目标容器
            for idx, source in enumerate(sources):
                tip = []
                for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                    tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                await self.pick_up_tips(tip)

                await self.aspirate(
                    resources=[source],
                    vols=[asp_vols[idx]],
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=[asp_flow_rates[idx]] if asp_flow_rates and len(asp_flow_rates) > idx else None,
                    offsets=[offsets[idx]] if offsets and len(offsets) > idx else None,
                    liquid_height=[liquid_height[idx]] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > idx else None,
                    blow_out_air_volume=[blow_out_air_volume[idx]] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > idx else None,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                
                if delays is not None:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                
                # 分液到目标容器
                if use_proportional_mixing:
                    # 按不同比例混合：使用对应的 dis_vols
                    dis_vol = dis_vols[idx]
                    dis_flow_rate = dis_flow_rates[idx] if dis_flow_rates and len(dis_flow_rates) > idx else None
                    dis_offset = offsets[idx] if offsets and len(offsets) > idx else None
                    dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[idx] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > idx else None
                    dis_blow_out = blow_out_air_volume[idx] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > idx else None
                else:
                    # 标准模式：分液体积等于吸液体积
                    dis_vol = asp_vols[idx]
                    dis_flow_rate = dis_flow_rates[0] if dis_flow_rates and len(dis_flow_rates) > 0 else None
                    dis_offset = offsets[0] if offsets and len(offsets) > 0 else None
                    dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[0] if liquid_height and len(liquid_height) > 0 else None
                    dis_blow_out = blow_out_air_volume[0] if blow_out_air_volume and len(blow_out_air_volume) > 0 else None
                
                await self.dispense(
                    resources=[target],
                    vols=[dis_vol],
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=[dis_flow_rate] if dis_flow_rate is not None else None,
                    offsets=[dis_offset] if dis_offset is not None else None,
                    blow_out_air_volume=[dis_blow_out] if dis_blow_out is not None else None,
                    liquid_height=[dis_liquid_height] if dis_liquid_height is not None else None,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                
                await self.discard_tips(use_channels=use_channels)
            
            # 最后在目标容器中混合（如果需要）
            if mix_stage in ["after", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                await self.mix(
                    targets=[target],
                    mix_time=mix_times,
                    mix_vol=mix_vol,
                    offsets=offsets[0:1] if offsets else None,
                    height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                    mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                )
            
            if touch_tip:
                await self.touch_tip([target])
        
        elif len(use_channels) == 8:
            # 8通道模式：需要确保源数量是8的倍数
            if len(sources) % 8 != 0:
                raise ValueError(f"For 8-channel mode, number of sources {len(sources)} must be a multiple of 8.")
            
            # 每次处理8个源
            for i in range(0, len(sources), 8):
                tip = []
                for _ in range(len(use_channels)):
                    tip.extend(next(self.current_tip))
                await self.pick_up_tips(tip)
                
                current_sources = sources[i:i + 8]
                current_asp_vols = asp_vols[i:i + 8]
                current_asp_flow_rates = asp_flow_rates[i:i + 8] if asp_flow_rates else None
                current_asp_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                current_asp_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                current_asp_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                
                # 从8个源容器吸液
                await self.aspirate(
                    resources=current_sources,
                    vols=current_asp_vols,
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=current_asp_flow_rates,
                    offsets=current_asp_offset,
                    blow_out_air_volume=current_asp_blow_out_air_volume,
                    liquid_height=current_asp_liquid_height,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                
                if delays is not None:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[0])
                
                # 分液到目标容器（每个通道分液到同一个目标）
                if use_proportional_mixing:
                    # 按比例混合：使用对应的 dis_vols
                    current_dis_vols = dis_vols[i:i + 8]
                    current_dis_flow_rates = dis_flow_rates[i:i + 8] if dis_flow_rates else None
                    current_dis_offset = offsets[i:i + 8] if offsets else [None] * 8
                    current_dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[i:i + 8] if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                    current_dis_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[i:i + 8] if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                else:
                    # 标准模式：每个通道分液体积等于其吸液体积
                    current_dis_vols = current_asp_vols
                    current_dis_flow_rates = dis_flow_rates[0:1] * 8 if dis_flow_rates else None
                    current_dis_offset = offsets[0:1] * 8 if offsets else [None] * 8
                    current_dis_liquid_height = liquid_height[0:1] * 8 if liquid_height else [None] * 8
                    current_dis_blow_out_air_volume = blow_out_air_volume[0:1] * 8 if blow_out_air_volume else [None] * 8
                
                await self.dispense(
                    resources=[target] * 8,  # 8个通道都分到同一个目标
                    vols=current_dis_vols,
                    use_channels=use_channels,
                    flow_rates=current_dis_flow_rates,
                    offsets=current_dis_offset,
                    blow_out_air_volume=current_dis_blow_out_air_volume,
                    liquid_height=current_dis_liquid_height,
                    spread=spread,
                )
                
                if delays is not None and len(delays) > 1:
                    await self.custom_delay(seconds=delays[1])
                
                await self.discard_tips([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
            
            # 最后在目标容器中混合（如果需要）
            if mix_stage in ["after", "both"] and mix_times is not None and mix_times > 0:
                await self.mix(
                    targets=[target],
                    mix_time=mix_times,
                    mix_vol=mix_vol,
                    offsets=offsets[0:1] if offsets else None,
                    height_to_bottom=mix_liquid_height if mix_liquid_height else None,
                    mix_rate=mix_rate if mix_rate else None,
                )
            
            if touch_tip:
                await self.touch_tip([target])

    # except Exception as e:
    #     traceback.print_exc()
    #     raise RuntimeError(f"Liquid addition failed: {e}") from e


    # ---------------------------------------------------------------
    # Helper utilities
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------

    async def custom_delay(self, seconds=0, msg=None):
        """
        seconds: seconds to wait
        msg: information to be printed
        """
        if seconds != None and seconds > 0:
            if msg:
                print(f"Waiting time: {msg}")
                print(f"Current time: {time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')}")
                print(f"Time to finish: {time.strftime('%H:%M:%S', time.localtime(time.time() + seconds))}")
            await self._ros_node.sleep(seconds)
            if msg:
                print(f"Done: {msg}")
                print(f"Current time: {time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')}")

    async def touch_tip(self, targets: Sequence[Container]):

        """Touch the tip to the side of the well."""

        if not self.support_touch_tip:
            return
        await self.aspirate(
            resources=[targets],
            vols=[0],
            use_channels=None,
            flow_rates=None,
            offsets=[Coordinate(x=-targets.get_size_x() / 2, y=0, z=0)],
            liquid_height=None,
            blow_out_air_volume=None,
        )
        # await self.custom_delay(seconds=1) # In the simulation, we do not need to wait
        await self.aspirate(
            resources=[targets],
            vols=[0],
            use_channels=None,
            flow_rates=None,
            offsets=[Coordinate(x=targets.get_size_x() / 2, y=0, z=0)],
            liquid_height=None,
            blow_out_air_volume=None,
        )

    async def mix(
        self,
        targets: Sequence[Container],
        mix_time: int = None,
        mix_vol: Optional[int] = None,
        height_to_bottom: Optional[float] = None,
        offsets: Optional[Coordinate] = None,
        mix_rate: Optional[float] = None,
        none_keys: List[str] = [],
    ):
        if mix_time is None:  # No mixing required
            return
        """Mix the liquid in the target wells."""
        for _ in range(mix_time):
            await self.aspirate(
                resources=[targets],
                vols=[mix_vol],
                flow_rates=[mix_rate] if mix_rate else None,
                offsets=[offsets] if offsets else None,
                liquid_height=[height_to_bottom] if height_to_bottom else None,
            )
            await self.custom_delay(seconds=1)
            await self.dispense(
                resources=[targets],
                vols=[mix_vol],
                flow_rates=[mix_rate] if mix_rate else None,
                offsets=[offsets] if offsets else None,
                liquid_height=[height_to_bottom] if height_to_bottom else None,
            )

    def iter_tips(self, tip_racks: Sequence[TipRack]) -> Iterator[Resource]:
        """Yield tips from a list of TipRacks one-by-one until depleted."""
        for rack in tip_racks:
            for tip in rack:
                yield tip
        raise RuntimeError("Out of tips!")

    def set_tiprack(self, tip_racks: Sequence[TipRack]):
        """Set the tip racks for the liquid handler."""

        self.tip_racks = tip_racks
        tip_iter = self.iter_tips(tip_racks)
        self.current_tip = tip_iter

    async def move_to(self, well: Well, dis_to_top: float = 0, channel: int = 0):
        """
        Move a single channel to a specific well with a given z-height.

        Parameters
        ----------
        well : Well
            The target well.
        dis_to_top : float
            Height in mm to move to relative to the well top.
        channel : int
            Pipetting channel to move (default: 0).
        """
        await self.prepare_for_manual_channel_operation(channel=channel)
        abs_loc = well.get_absolute_location()
        well_height = well.get_absolute_size_z()
        await self.move_channel_x(channel, abs_loc.x)
        await self.move_channel_y(channel, abs_loc.y)
        await self.move_channel_z(channel, abs_loc.z + well_height + dis_to_top)